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1) Problem
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an overall category for any COPD indications of concern
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frequent exacerbator
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a) MedicalCondition*
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any disease or medical condition; includes COPD comorbidities
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emphysema, pulmonary vascular disease, asthma, congestive heart failure
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b) RiskFactor*
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a phenotype signifying a patient’s increased chances of having COPD
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increased levels of the c-reactive protein, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency
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i) SignOrSymptom*
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an observable irregularity manifested by a COPD patient
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chronic cough, shortness of breath, purulent sputum production
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ii) IndividualBehaviour*
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a patient’s habits leading to susceptibility of having COPD
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smoking for 25 years
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iii) TestOrMeasureResult*
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findings based on COPD-relevant examinations
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increased white blood cell counts, FEV1 45% predicted
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2) Treatment
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any medication, therapy or program for treating COPD
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oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, pursed lips breathing
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3) TestOrMeasure
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an overall category for any COPD-relevant examinations or measures/parameters
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increased compliance of the lung, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio
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a) RadiologicalTest
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any of the radiological tests for detecting COPD
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computed tomography scanning, high resolution computed tomography
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b) MicrobiologicalTest
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an examination of a COPD- relevant specimen
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complete blood count
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c) PhysiologicalTest
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a measurement of a COPD patient’s capacity to exercise
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6-min walking distance
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