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Table 3 Lexico-syntactic patterns used to identify relationships [25]

From: Automated concept and relationship extraction for the semi-automated ontology management (SEAM) system

Relationship Patterns found between NP1 and NP2
Synonymy “%also%known%as%”, “(“, “aka”, “so called”, “also called”, “%also% referred% to%”, “%referred% to%”
Hierarchy “%such%as%”, “%or other%”, “%and other%”,”%including%”, “%associated with”, “is”, “are”, “is “, “%type of%”,”are “