Figure 5

Integration of heterogeneous relationships. Four raw relationships are normalized to two expressions, using the PHARE ontology. The first two (s1 and s2) mention the same relationships with different words and sentence structures and are consequently integrated (e.g. ‘drug dose’ and ‘drug requirement’ are declared synonyms). s3 illustrates the utility of being able to distinguish between concepts modified by Gene and by Drug to disambiguate two different occurrences of “level”: one specialized by a gene name, the other by a drug name. Given the ontology, ‘gene level’ is a reference to gene expression, whereas ‘drug level’ refers to drug dose. s3 and s4 illustrate the utility of role inverses in the ontology, which enable the integration of relationships extracted from s3 and s4 by swapping subject and object of s3. The last two raw relationships are inverses that express the same relationship.