Comparative analysis of knowledge representation and reasoning requirements across a range of life sciences textbooks

Table 3 Observed knowledge representation issues

Category of KR issue	Occurs in textbooks				Occurs in Campbell?	New issue?
Category of KR issue	Levine	Raven	Alberts	Kandel	Occurs in Campbell?	New issue?
Negative information		x	x	x	x	No
Spatial relation	x	x	x	x	x	No
Missing slot (other than spatial relation)		x	x	x	x	No
Inability to state graded quantifiers	x	x	x		x	No
Biological models and reified statements	x	x	x	x	x	No
Property-value comparison		x			x	No
Causation			x		x	No
Disjunction	x		x		x	No
Conditionality			x		x	No
Possibility			x		x	No
Data interpretation			x	x		Yes
Science as a process			x	x	x	No
Qualitative number constraint		x			x	No
Mathematical reasoning				x	x	No
Vagueness/ambiguity		x	x	x	x	No
Other		x			x	No

ISSN: 2041-1480